indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
number one; first; best; most; game; round
achievement; feat; meritorious deed; distinguished service
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to elevate; to move something (to a higher place); to put onto (e.g. a shelf); to increase (price, quality, status, etc.); to raise (a wage); to show someone (into a room)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
Ōmi (former province located in present-day Shiga Prefecture)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
will; resolution; kindness; goodwill; gift (as a token of gratitude)
congratulation; celebration
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
side (esp. of a waterbody); edge; bank; shore
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; OK; all right; fine; very well; will do
to be; to come; to go; to be (doing)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
indeed; really; truly; very much
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
occasional; infrequent; rare
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
thereupon; shortly thereafter
to go; to come; to lose; to be defeated; to be stumped (by); to be at a loss; to visit (a shrine, grave, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo