Genki era (1570.4.23-1573.7.28)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Enryaku era (782.8.19-806.5.18)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attack; to assault; to assail
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
distinction; differentiation; classification
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
blow; shock; strike; batting
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
attendant; valet; altar boy; acolyte
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
lie; falsehood; fiction; fabrication
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
adds force or indicates command
high priest; highly-ranked priest; virtuous priest; priest of great sanctity and learning
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
eastern country; eastern provinces; Kanto provinces
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to face; to go towards; to head towards
pursuer; pursuing party; posse