indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mino (former province located in the south of present-day Gifu Prefecture)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
proceeding to the capital
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; how about
adds force or indicates command
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...