indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
Eiroku era (1558.2.28-1570.4.23)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
unheard-of; unprecedented; unparalleled in history (unparallelled); record-breaking
one large ...; a great ...
accident; disaster; incident; uprising; emergency
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
military forces; hosts; troops
by means of; due to; because of; according to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
purposely (of something needless, unexpected or seemingly counterproductive, etc.); daringly (doing something); not necessarily; not particularly; (arch.) definitely not
tiger (Panthera tigris); drunkard; drunk; sot
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
river; stream; River; the ... river
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the rest; the others; in addition (to that); besides that; and so forth; and the like
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
adds force or indicates command
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
trembling with fear; filled with trepidation