indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
thief; robber; burglar; bandit
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
member of shogun's council of elders
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to say; to be called; to do
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
tea party; get-together; tea ceremony
(Meiji era) official responsible for court ceremonies
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)