indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to break into (houses here and there); to rampage
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
to disclose; to divulge; to expose; to open (a grave); to dig out
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to swear; to vow; to take an oath; to pledge
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be added to; to be appended; to join in (e.g. a group of friends); to participate; to increase (e.g. heat); to gain in (e.g. influence)
playoff for the tournament win with three wrestlers participating
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
(Meiji era) official responsible for court ceremonies
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
mound; heap; hillock; burial mound; tomb; tumulus
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
execution by tying a victim to a post and stabbing with spears; crucifixion
intersection; crossing; crossroad; street corner; street