Kyōhō era (1716.6.22-1736.4.28)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from the beginning; from the first; all along; of course
Kanto; region consisting of Tokyo and surrounding prefectures; Kanto; north-eastern half of Japan (during the feudal era)
Tokaido (Edo-period Edo-Kyoto highway)
Nakasendo (Edo-period Edo-Kyoto highway)
upper part; upper region; region above
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
freely; right and left; as one pleases
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base
work; labor; achievement; performance; salary; income
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thief; robber; burglar; bandit
clan; partisans; participation (e.g. in a plot); one flavour; one charm; one ingredient (in traditional Chinese medicine)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
from the place (where); from the fact that ...; caused by the fact that ...; because
one party; one faction; one clique
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
head; chief; boss; leader
to face (each other); to be facing; to be directed toward (the future, etc.); to be in response to; to receive (a client, etc.); to compare with
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
secretary (government); director; chief
shogunal vassal; direct retainer of a shogun
two persons; two people; pair; couple
battle of wits; contest of wits