indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
osechi; food eaten during the New Year's Holidays
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
presence of other people; (in) public; (in) front of others
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
sampling food; tasting; trying
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from the viewpoint of; according to
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
order (for an item); request; demand; condition
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
how; in what way; how about
rural area; countryside; the sticks; hometown
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
apple (fruit); apple tree (Malus pumila)
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...