to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
modern; up-to-date; art nouveau; Beaujolais nouveau (wine); vague; fuzzy
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
rainy; showery; inclement
insufficiency; deficiency; shortage; dissatisfaction; discontent; complaint
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
temple; shrine; hall; company; (arch.) front room
sugar content (e.g. in degrees Brix)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
difficult to ...; hard to ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
piece; slice; cloth; sharpness; agility; counter for scraps, pieces, etc.
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
dry taste (e.g. sake, wine); a liking for sake; one who likes sake; salty (taste); harsh; scathing
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Tanba (former province located in parts of present-day Kyoto, Hyogo and Osaka prefectures)
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
Kinki (region around Osaka, Kyoto, Nara)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
sales; selling; marketing
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay