indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aggravate; to complicate; to make worse
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to leave alone; to leave as is; to ignore; to neglect
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to abate; to decrease; to diminish; to shorten
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
milk; breast; loop; decorative bump (on a hanging bell)
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to give birth to; to drop (a calf, foal, etc.); to lay (an egg)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
for a short while; for a while; for some time; for the time being
taking care of one's health; recuperation; covering (with a protective material); coating; curing (concrete)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to be needed; to be wanted
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ronin; masterless samurai; high school graduate waiting for another chance to enter university after having failed the yearly entrance examination; person out of work; jobless person; (arch.) wanderer
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
affliction; hardship; difficulty; suffering; trouble
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality