point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
troubled times; turbulent times
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
battle formation; camp; encampment; group; gang; war
in succession; one by one
laws and ordinances; acts (of parliament, congress, etc.)
proclamation; promulgation
all present; all concerned; all of us
both in name and reality; both in name and substance
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
leading figure; influential figure; mogul
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
now; the present time; just now; another; more
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
order (from one's superior); command; what you say; (someone's) words
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
don't you think?; indicates question
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
to be lifted; to be raised; to happen suddenly; to occur; to be homeroom teacher for the same class multiple years in a row; to move up with one's class
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during