indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
in that way; thus; so; so?
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy