indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
(arch.) large river (esp. the Yangtze); Lake Biwa
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
defeat; loss; failing to live up to (one's name, looks, etc.); discount; loss (on a sale)
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
reason; significance; cause; piece of information that one has heard; I hear that ...; it is said that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
adds force or indicates command
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
last night; yesterday evening
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
to go to bed; to go to sleep; to fall asleep; to be laid up (with a cold); to be ill in bed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as