indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
emergency; extraordinary; unusual
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to draw (a thread); to let out (e.g. a rope); to head out as a group; to set out in large numbers; to send out one after another; to dispatch
temple festival; fair; fete day; day related to a particular deity and thought to bring divine blessing to those who celebrate it
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
this occasion; at this time; now
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
secret; clandestine; covert; spy (for a daimyo, shogun, etc.); secret agent
honorific/polite/humble prefix
service; duty; business; Buddhist religious services
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
of course; certainly; naturally
chōnin (Edo-period social class of town-dwelling commoners, esp. landowning merchants); townspeople; townsfolk; tradespeople
to pose as; to (successfully) impersonate; to pretend to be; to (completely) become; to (fully) turn into
investigation; inspection; examination; tune; note; melody
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
heh-heh; hee-hee; ha ha; (arch.) female genitals; (arch.) vagina; (arch.) vulva
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest