indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
with one's life (protect, etc.); at the cost of one's life
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
babysitting; babysitter; taking care of; assisting; assistant
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
all present; all concerned; all of us
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
strict (e.g. security); heavy (e.g. guard); showy; pretentious; impressive; imposing
atmosphere; mood; a certain air; presence; (Earth's) atmosphere
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
no wonder; little wonder; after all; as expected; which isn't surprising
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
that is to say; so that means
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
honorific/polite/humble prefix
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about; questionable
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
tea (usu. green); tea break (at work); tea ceremony
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
myself; yourself; I; me; you
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back