Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
middle period; medium-term
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
1,000,000; one million; million; many
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
leading; foremost; preeminent; outstanding; one of the best
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
outward appearance; ostensible; public; official
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
to put on airs; to act big; to throw one's weight about; to be overbearing; to be domineering; to be bossy
unthinkable; unexpected; absolutely not!; far from it!; (it was) no bother at all; not at all
to clasp; to grasp; to hold (the answer); to have (e.g. the solution); to seize (power); to hold (the reins)
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
society; the world; the times
to be doing; to be in the process of doing
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
handsome man; looker; good guy; great guy; influential person (esp. in the yakuza); sumo wrestler
fondly; admiringly; with fascination; with adoration; with enchantment
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
young master; young gentleman
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
number one; first; best; most; game; round
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
ryotei; traditional Japanese restaurant (esp. a luxurious one)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then