indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(camera) shutter; shutter (for a door, window, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
detective; investigator; sleuth; detective work; secret investigation
something intended as a lie or joke which (by chance) ends up being true; lie turned truth
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that's the way it is; such is life
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonsense; irresponsible remark; codswallop; random; haphazard; unsystematic
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
lie; falsehood; fiction; fabrication
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
experiential; empirical; experimental
lesson; precept; teachings; moral
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
underwear; undergarment; underclothes; lingerie
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
showy; loud; gay; flashy; gaudy
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
cool; stylish; good-looking; fashionable; sexy
employee (of a store); shop assistant; clerk; salesperson
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
to come near; to let someone approach; to bring near; to bring together; to deliver (opinion, news, etc.); to send (e.g. a letter); to let someone drop by
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...