indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
first month of the lunar calendar; January
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
vine; bine; bow; temple arm; connections; contacts
to show signs of; to appear
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
nectar; honey; honeydew; treacle; molasses; sorbitol (when visible as dark patches inside an apple)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Sukhavati (Amitabha's Pure Land); paradise; heaven on earth
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
extravagant; absurd; unbelievable; enormous; tremendous; extraordinary
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
to take hold of; to possess; to haunt
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
halfway-done; mediocre; uncertain; half-heartedly; insufficiently
way (of doing); manner; method; means
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to pay off completely (e.g. loan)
founder of a religious sect
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to purify; to cleanse; to exorcise; to purge; to ward off
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for