indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
lush mountain; green mountain; grave; burial place
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
please (give me); please (do for me)
employee (of a store); shop assistant; clerk; salesperson
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mistake; error; accident; mishap; improper conduct (e.g. between man and woman); indiscretion
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to like; to be pleased with; to be delighted with; to take a liking to; to suit one's fancy
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
quiet; calm; leisurely; distant; far-off; boundless
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be surprised; to be astonished
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to be surprised; to be amazed; to be frightened; surprise (e.g. surprise party)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
go that far; to that extent
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
meaning; significance; sense
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to shut oneself in (e.g. one's room); to be confined in; to be filled with (emotion, enthusiasm, etc.); to fill the room (of a gas, smell, etc.); to be heavy with (e.g. smoke); to be muffled (e.g. voice); to hold (a castle, fortress, etc.)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr