indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
transfer; transport; removal
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
quiet; calm; leisurely; distant; far-off; boundless
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
(water-filled) paddy field
(arch.) bracelet (made of stringed jewels or bells and worn at the elbow); bracer (for the elbow of an archer)
digitization; digitalization
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
criminal nature; criminality
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
concern; circumstance which is becoming a problem; case (court)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
beautiful tree; tree producing beautiful flowers
two persons; two people; pair; couple
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to employ; to hire; to charter
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
materials; data; document
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
lush mountain; green mountain; grave; burial place
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question