indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
lush mountain; green mountain; grave; burial place
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
poisonous substance; toxic substance; poison
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
offender; criminal; culprit
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case