indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
Hyottoko; comical male character with puckered, skewed mouth; clown; ugly mug; ugly guy
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
compensation; indemnification; reparation; consideration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
tortoiseshell (of the hawksbill turtle); bekko; tortoiseshell (esp. of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
solitude; loneliness; isolation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
tough; hard; determined; strong-minded; strong (e.g. sunlight, alcohol); severe
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
Naniwa (former name for Osaka region)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Izu (former province located on the Izu Peninsula in present-day Shizuoka Prefecture, and the Izu Islands)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
light (e.g. aircraft, truck); light motor vehicle (up to 660cc and 64bhp); kei car
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh