indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
suffix for familiar person
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
high-ranking noh actor; head of a school of noh performance; high ranking courtesan (esp. in Yoshiwara) (Edo-period); jōruri narrator; manzai narrator; female role actor in kabuki; low ranking priest in a Shinto shrine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
daggertooth pike conger (Muraenesox cinereus); (in Northern Japan) conger eel; garden eel
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)