indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
mallow (any plant of family Malvaceae); Asarum caulescens (species of wild ginger); hollyhock
honorific/polite/humble prefix
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
(for the) first time; something used (worn, etc.) for the first time; new item; first of the season (crop, fruit, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
boss; leader; kingpin; chief; head (e.g. of a crime syndicate)
economical; bargain; good value; good-value