indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
murder; killing; murderer
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
tenement house; row house
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
series; chain; two reams (i.e. 1000 sheets of paper); verse; stanza
incident; affair; happening; event
honorific/polite/humble prefix
dew; tears; (not) a bit; (not) at all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
craftsman; artisan; tradesman; worker; workman
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
gambling; gaming; speculation; undertaking a risky venture; (arch.) professional gambler; (arch.) gamester
security for a loan; collateral
to be disgusted with; to run out of patience; to fall out of love
flight; running away; absconding; elopement
after that; afterwards; thereafter
to chip; to be chipped; to be missing (from a set, team, etc.); to be absent; to be lacking (in); to be short (of)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
in succession; one by one
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
tenant (esp. in contrast to a landlord); renter
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
plan; project; attempt; plot; scheme; undertaking
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough; really; actually; ever
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows