underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
vice-minister (Meiji period); undersecretary
the other day; lately; recently; meanwhile; in the meantime
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
man; male; masculine gender
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
sting operation; undercover investigation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in comparison to; rather than
detailed; full; minute; knowing very well; knowledgeable (about); well-acquainted (with)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
effect; result; worth; Kai (former province located in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
personal bankruptcy; voluntary bankruptcy
payment of debts; repayment
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
now; soon; already; yet; further; more