indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
war; battle; match; game; competition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to win through (e.g. to the next round); to win game after game; to achieve a final victory; to fight to the end and win; to come out on top
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to put an end (to); to close the books (on)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to joke; to jest; to make fun of; to laugh at; to romp; to gambol
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
stage (theatre, theater); scene or setting (e.g. of novel, play, etc.)
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold