indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one day; (on) a certain day
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
genius; prodigy; natural gift
swindler; fraudster; trickster; con man
assistance; help; aid; support; reinforcement
by means of; due to; because of; according to
war; battle; match; game; competition
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
withdrawal; secession; separation; breakaway
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
again; once more; a second time
because of; owing to; due to
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
stage (theatre, theater); scene or setting (e.g. of novel, play, etc.)
repechage; revival series
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
vote; ballot; label; ticket; tag
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
dropping out; falling behind; omission; being left out; falling off; coming off
(corporate) restructuring; downsizing; laying off people
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)