as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
splendid horse; promoted bishop
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
things to do; must-do items; one's duty; what is required
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
please (give me); please (do for me)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
pupil; disciple; adherent; follower; apprentice; young person
just; fair; proper; reasonable
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
becoming a pupil (of); becoming an apprentice
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
the Emperor; His Majesty; the government; the authorities; proprietress; hostess
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
good(-tasting); nice; delicious; attractive (offer, opportunity, etc.); appealing; convenient
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
unpolished rice; unmilled rice; brown rice; black rice
Inari (god of harvests, Uka-no-Mitama); Inari shrine; Fushimi Inari shrine (in Kyoto); fox (said to be messengers of Inari); fried tofu (said to be a favourite food of foxes); inarizushi