indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
what; what sort of thing; everything; anything; what (on earth)?; what's the meaning of this ...?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
wife; bride; (one's) daughter-in-law
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
giant butterbur (Petasites japonicus); Japanese sweet coltsfoot
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
adds force or indicates command
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
I don't want to boast but
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
being extremely fond of; having a weakness for; having no eye for; being a poor judge of; having no chance (of succeeding)
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
each time; always; often; thank you for your continued patronage
to say; to tell; to state; to do
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
palanquin; litter; bier; kago
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
only; merely; just; at most; no more than
tea party; get-together; tea ceremony
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
shallows; shoal; rapids; current; position; place
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province