indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nest; rookery; den; haunt; (spider's) web
eagle (Accipitridae family)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
mourning; abstinence; taboo; religious purification; pure; holy
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
honorific/polite/humble prefix
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
adds force or indicates command
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
now; the present time; just now; another; more
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
shallows; shoal; rapids; current; position; place
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...