Tokugawa Yoshiatsu (1832-1868)
Tokugawa Nariaki (1800-1860)
The Treaty of Amity and Commerce (July 29, 1858); Japan-US Friendship and Trade Treaty
Ogata Kouan (1810.8.13-1863.7.25)
Yoshida Shouin (1830.9.20-1859.11.21)
fatsi (Fatsia japonica); paperplant; Japanese aralia
factional infighting (conflict); antagonism between factions
boiled water which has cooled
to do as much as is humanly possible; to try every possible means
smallpox vaccination; inoculation against smallpox
land of the gods; Japan; China
sponsors of rikishi or their stables
sentry box; guardhouse; guard lodge; (Edo period) police box
chunk; lump; thick slice; cutting into chunks
girl; young (unmarried) woman
to keep a house; to run a household
Ansei era (1854.11.27-1860.3.18)
China under the Qing dynasty; Qing China; Qing dynasty
various fiefdoms; various domains
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
old friend; familiar face
watching (esp. during an emergency); being on alert; guard; watchmen
(Edo-period) chief minister
one's home; hometown; native place; birthplace
to be moderate in; to be temperate in; to refrain (from doing); to withhold (an announcement, comment, etc.); to be beside; to be close by
killing an enemy soldier before the start of a battle to raise spirits; blood offering; killing violently; bloodbath; victimizing
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
Hitachi (former province located in the major part of present-day Ibaraki Prefecture)
completely; absolutely; totally
keeping house; being confined to one's house
disciple; pupil; follower