if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
close (e.g. friend); familiar; familiar (e.g. story); well-known (to one); close (relatives); closely related
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
factional infighting (conflict); antagonism between factions
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
watching (esp. during an emergency); being on alert; guard; watchmen
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to untie; to unfasten; to unsew; to unstitch; to solve; to work out; to dispel (misunderstanding, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
patient's condition; pathology
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(suffer) deterioration; growing worse; aggravation; degeneration; corruption
(medical) treatment; care; therapy; cure; remedy
clue; lead; key; handhold; hold
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
mourning; abstinence; taboo; religious purification; pure; holy
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
mistake; error; accident; mishap; improper conduct (e.g. between man and woman); indiscretion
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
flow of time; flux of time; lapse of time; current of the times; trend of the times
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
smallpox vaccination; inoculation against smallpox
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
establishment; opening; setting up; inauguration
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
The Treaty of Amity and Commerce (July 29, 1858); Japan-US Friendship and Trade Treaty
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state