indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
to be taught; to learn; to take lessons in
while; during; while; although; all; both
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
without (doing); instead of; if (it) isn't done; if (one) doesn't do ...; if not ...; unless ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
how long; how far; how much
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to be seized with fear; to be intimidated; to lose one's nerve; to be frightened; to get cold feet; to chicken out
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
person who is ...; thing that is ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
rough; crude; sloppy; miscellaneous
weeding; weeder; weeding fork