indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); inside the line; in; inside; enter here; enter
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
audience; spectator; spectators
transfer (of one's name into another family register); transfer (to another team, company, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
match; game; bout; contest
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more