indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be shut; to close; to be locked; to tighten; to be tightened; to become sober
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
way to use something; treatment; management (of help)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
particulars; details; specified items
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
daily routine; daily work; daily lesson
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to dash over oneself (e.g. water); to take (e.g. shower); to bask in (e.g. the sun); to suffer (e.g. an attack); to draw (e.g. criticism, attention, praise); to have heaped upon
to keep; to put aside (for somebody); to keep possession (usu. the ball in sports); quipu; quippu
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
(police) detective; criminal matter
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to long for; to yearn after; to admire; to be attracted by
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
sultry; sweltering; stuffy; uncomfortably hot-looking (clothing, etc.); stuffy-looking