Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
October; tenth month of the lunar calendar
fourteenth day of the month; fourteen days
caves dug as tombs in and around Kamakura during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to mix; to combine; to exchange (words, fire, etc.); to cross (e.g. swords); to join together
beginning; outset; first; onset
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
prosperity; flourishing; thriving
first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
knowledge; awareness; consent; acceptance; forgiving; pardoning
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
all present; all concerned; all of us
argument; discussion; dispute; controversy
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
dispatch; despatch; deployment; temporary employee (esp. from an agency); temporary worker; agency temp
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together; mutually; fellow
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
your Excellency; his Excellency; her Excellency
participation in government; state councillor (in the ritsuryo system); state councilor; vice-minister (early Meiji period); Cabinet Councillor (1937-1943); Cabinet Councilor
now; the present time; just now; another; more
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to reconsider; to rethink; to reassess