bombarding; shelling; bombardment
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
January; first month of the lunar calendar
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
new government; new administration
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
general; admiral; head; chief; old chap; mate
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
old; former; the old; old things; old times; bygone days
to break; to smash; to defeat; to destroy; to eliminate
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
to run away; to flee; to make off; to start to run away
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to face; to go towards; to head towards
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Edo Castle (residence of the Shogun during the Edo period, now the site of the Tokyo Imperial Palace)
all-out attack; general offensive
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
March; third month of the lunar calendar
fifteenth day of the month; fifteen days
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
adds force or indicates command
honorific/polite/humble prefix
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
rustic; unsophisticated; provincial; hick; uncool; unstylish
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial