I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
already; now; no longer; not any more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give up as hopeless; to wash one's hands (of someone or something)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
overthrow of the shogunate
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to detach; to decapitate; to cut loose; to let loose; to dismember
in order to; for the purpose of; must; should
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
court noble; nobility; Imperial Court
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
now; the present time; just now; another; more
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
only; just; since; after; remaining (in a particular state)
sticking; clinging; with a smack (e.g. sitting down); hard; all over; thickly
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
let me humbly say; most humbly; with all due respect
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to stake; to risk; to bet; to wager
babysitting; babysitter; taking care of; assisting; assistant
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation