precarious situation; precarious state
revere the Emperor; expel the western barbarians (19th century slogan)
woven mat (of sedge, hay, etc.)
Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1883)
timid; weak-kneed; fainthearted; bearish (e.g. market)
Emperor Koumei; Koumei Tenno (1831-1866 CE, reigning: 1846-1866 CE)
knowledge applied to evil purposes
growth; development; one's early life; upbringing; personal history
father of one's country; father of the nation
deep regret; bitter disappointment; chagrin; vexation
Amamiooshima (island approximately 215 kilometers NE of Okinawa)
exemplar; model; example; pattern
daimyo's alternating Edo residence; official attendance service (by a daimyo in the Edo period)
adherence to the shogunate
slave labour; slave labor; compulsory service; forced labour; forced labor; exacted service
controlling; suppressing; quelling
visit (to a religious site, e.g. shrine, temple, grave)
old saying; old expression; old language; ancient language; archaic word
Japanese leek (Allium chinense); Chinese onion; sour-sweet pickle of Japanese leek
origin; beginning; genesis; primeval; primordial; primitive
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
liquor-soaked; continuous drinking; daily drinking; binge drinking
inherited; family (heirloom); ancestral
losing initiative; being forestalled; second move (in go or shogi); moving second; rear guard