reform; reformation; reorganization
to take in; to gather in; to adopt (e.g. an idea); to accept (e.g. advice); to harvest; to reap
innovative; liberal; reformist; progressive
Perry Expedition (1853); arrival of the Black Ships
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
armaments; military preparations
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; reinforcement
shipyard; dock yard; shipbuilding yard
construction; establishment
Fire Dragon (53rd term of the sexagenary cycle, e.g. 1916, 1976, 2036)
district governor (under the ritsuryō system)
(large) gun; cannon; artillery; long-ball hitter; home-run hitter
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to create; to bring forth; to invent; to think up and bring into being; to give birth to; to bear
latest; newest; late-breaking (news)
science and technology; technology; scientific techniques
research institute; (research) laboratory
garden; orchard; park; place; world; environment
manufactured goods; finished goods; product
crisis awareness; sense of impending crisis
modernization; modernisation
promptly; quickly; without delay; before others; first
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
suffix for familiar person
henchman; follower; (arch.) adopted child
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
treachery; betrayal; perfidy
to lose completely; to waste; to let slip away
retaliation; revenge; reprisal; retorsion; retortion
to stand up; to get up; to recover; to regain one's energy; to (stand up and) take action; to rise up (against); to rise (from a crouch) and make the initial charge
regret; repentance; remorse
to sense; to infer; to gather; to pick up on; to get wind of; to perceive
ingenious; skillful; clever; deft; sophisticated
trap (for catching animals); snare; trap; trick; ruse
to await; to wait for; to expect
other people's affairs; someone else's problem
fine day; clear day; formal occasion
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present