indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
handwork; handcraft; manual labor; manual labour; working with one's hands
a little bit; a little while
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
(idle) curiosity; fancifulness; whimsy; (having) strange tastes
talent; gift; function; noh (theatre)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be taught; to learn; to take lessons in
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
study; diligence; discount; reduction
maid; helper; help; assistance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
by myself; in person; by oneself
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
to learn; to acquire knowledge; to carry; to wear (clothes, etc.); to put on
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to subsist; to keep on living
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you
friend; companion; comrade; accompaniment; companion (e.g. book); complement
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
together with; same; both; all; including ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to love; to cherish; to admire; to appreciate
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
steep (mountain); precipitous; hard (life); difficult; troubled