light; illumination; glow; lamp; light
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
court ladies of the middle rank serving in the inner palace (Heian period); female servant for a samurai family; lady-in-waiting working in the inner palace of the Edo castle (Edo period)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to appoint; to nominate; to assume (responsibility); to pose as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
family name; house name; family honour; family honor
extinction; discontinuation; severance; rupture; to become extinct; to cease to exist
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
revival; restoration; resuscitation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
pardon; forgiveness; exemption; permission
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
with ... as a start; taking advantage of; inspired by
cease-fire; truce; armistice
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
at once; immediately; without delay; promptly
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be caught; to be captured; to be taken prisoner; to be seized with (fear, etc.); to be a slave to; to stick to
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)