indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be helpful; to be dependable; to stand by (someone)
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
to think, feel, consider, know, etc.
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
certainly; surely; definitely
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to catch; to capture; to grasp (e.g. meaning); to perceive; to captivate; to move (one's heart)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to blow violently; to sweep over; to devastate
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to fight with swords; to cross swords
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
will not do; do not; does not
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
allegiance; obedience; submission
to beg forgiveness; to ask for someone's pardon; to ask for permission
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result