indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
how; in what way; how about
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
please; somehow or other; one way or another
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
all kinds of things; various things; large number of people
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...