indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
marriage ceremony; wedding
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
and then; in addition to that; also; even so
festivities; celebration; wedding; marriage ceremony
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
manjū; steamed yeast bun with filling
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
Kaei era (1848.2.28-1854.11.27)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
service; duty; business; Buddhist religious services
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to finish; to get through with; to graduate; to come to an end; to end; to finish doing ...
bush clover; Japanese clover (any flowering plant of genus Lespedeza); dark red exterior with blue interior (color combination worn in autumn); Hagi (city in Yamaguchi)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
congratulations; felicitations; best wishes; longevity; long life
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
becoming a lordless samurai
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
(social) standing; status; identity; birth; one's circumstances; one's means
stripping (of rights, rank, etc.); deprivation; forfeit; revocation; divestiture
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of); during (war, occupation, etc.)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
Chōshū; (former) Nagato Province
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
to grant (a wish); to accede; to comply with; to heed