creation; formation; foundation; establishment
court ladies of the middle rank serving in the inner palace (Heian period); female servant for a samurai family; lady-in-waiting working in the inner palace of the Edo castle (Edo period)
interpreter (esp. of Dutch and Chinese during the Edo period); interpretation; court interpreter
feudal decree; edict by a daimyo
domain administrative headquarters (early Meiji)
near; close; beside; attendant; retainer; vassal
attending a government office; going to work (for a government official)
barony of the first degree; influential feudal clan
crotch; crutch; groin; fork (in a tree, road, river, etc.); tines (of a fork)
sword for self-defense; sword for self-defence
young person acting like an old person; officials who helped the council of elders during the Edo period
(practice of) simplicity and frugality; scrimping and saving
to manage (all by oneself); to control; to run; to take charge of
to be understood; to be comprehended; to be grasped; to become clear; to be known; to be discovered
cloth (for Japanese clothes); kimono fabrics; textile; silk fabrics
teacher (to whom one owes a debt of gratitude); mentor; one's former teacher
naginata; polearm with a curved single-edged blade (similar to a glaive); naginata; martial art of wielding the naginata
further; farther; furthermore; all the more; even more
small; fine; minute; stingy; cheap
imperial decree; imperial edict
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
fire prevention; fire fighting; fire proof
Good heavens!; Oh my god!; gee whiz
to look attractive; to look nice
face; official stance; public position or attitude (as opposed to private thoughts); ceremony for the erection of the framework of a house
no problem; no objection; it doesn't matter
control; management; supervision
to need; to demand; to take; to require
Briton; Englishman; (the) English
founding a country; opening of a country (e.g. Japan) to the world; ending (a policy of) national seclusion
to look unconcerned; to assume a composed look