to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put up (a notice, sign, etc.); to hang out (e.g. a banner); to hold up high; to raise overhead; to tout (a principle, plan, etc.); to herald; to publish
shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
Chōshū; (former) Nagato Province
han (estate of a daimyo in the Edo and early Meiji periods); feudal domain; fief; province
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
to go; to come; to lose; to be defeated; to be stumped (by); to be at a loss; to visit (a shrine, grave, etc.)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to order; to command; to appoint
imperial decree; imperial edict
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
same; identical; equal; anyway; in any case; if one must ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
by means of; due to; because of; according to
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
attack; assault; criticism; censure; cyber attack (e.g. DDoS)
retaliation; revenge; reprisal; retorsion; retortion
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
commencing with; including
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
barrier; gate; seki; mutual life
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
bombarding; shelling; bombardment
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
to shoot (a gun, person, etc.); to fire
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work