indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
barrier; gate; seki (in go); mutual life
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
doing (with resolve); carrying out (e.g. a plan)
to hate; to dislike; to loathe
influence; power; might; strength; potency; force
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
Tsu (city in Mie); harbour; harbor; ferry
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
exile; banishment; eviction; elimination (e.g. of poverty); removal
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
revival (e.g. musical); come-back; restoration; rebirth; resurrection
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
comeback; recovery; restoration; rally; reflexive (in grammar)
to make a joint vow; to swear together; to pledge
bush clover; Japanese clover (any flowering plant of genus Lespedeza); dark red exterior with blue interior (color combination worn in autumn); Hagi (city in Yamaguchi)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
becoming a lordless samurai
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
to catch; to capture; to grasp (e.g. meaning); to perceive; to captivate; to move (one's heart)
hills and fields; hill and dale
to throw; to cast (e.g. vote, light, shadow); to devote oneself (e.g. to a cause); to invest; to put in; to administer (medicine); to give
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
(company) director; executive; top management; important post; role with heavy responsibilities
to collect (debts); to dun; to appoint; to promote; to emphasize; to focus on
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately