year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to reach; to amount to; to be up to the task; to come up to; to compare with; to be a match (for)
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
founding a country; opening of a country (e.g. Japan) to the world; ending (a policy of) national seclusion
to turn the rudder of a ship; to change direction (of policy, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to raise; to bring to (someone's attention); to appeal to (reason, emotions, etc.); to work on (one's emotions); to complain; to sue (a person)
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
chief vassal; senior statesman
old Japanese court music; gagaku
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
allegiance; obedience; submission
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
plan; policy; means; fifth principle of the Eight Principles of Yong; right upward flick
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
manuscript (book); written copy of a book; codex; transcription; copying
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
light; lamp; counter for electric lights
sen (hundredth of a yen); coin made of non-precious materials; one-thousandth of a kan (as a unit of currency); (arch.) one-thousandth of a kan (as a unit of mass)
the Monkey (ninth sign of the Chinese zodiac); hour of the Monkey (around 4pm, 3-5pm, or 4-6pm); west-southwest; 7th month of the lunar calendar
gō; traditional unit of volume, approx. 0.1804 litres; gō; traditional unit of area, approx 0.33 metres square; one-tenth of the way from the base to the summit of a mountain; conjunction; sum
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
(social) standing; status; identity; birth; one's circumstances; one's means
like-mindedness; (being of the) same mind; shared sentiment; comrade; fellow; kindred soul
to be related; to be connected; to be joined together; to result in; to lead to; to bring about
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
war funds; war chest; funds (for activities); campaign funds
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)